- What does “habitat fragmentation” lead to?
A) Increased genetic diversity within species
B) Reduced biodiversity and isolation of populations
C) More efficient use of resources
D) Better adaptation to environmental changes
Answer: B) Reduced biodiversity and isolation of populations
Explanation:
Habitat fragmentation breaks large habitats into smaller, isolated patches, leading to a loss of biodiversity and the isolation of populations, which can reduce gene flow and increase the risk of extinction.
- Which of the following is an example of a “climax community”?
A) A forest that has fully recovered from a fire
B) A field that is slowly being overtaken by shrubs
C) A beach ecosystem after a storm
D) An area where new species are being introduced
Answer: A) A forest that has fully recovered from a fire
Explanation:
A climax community is the final, stable stage of ecological succession, where the ecosystem has reached a state of equilibrium and is relatively unaffected by changes.
- The carrying capacity of an environment refers to:
A) The maximum number of individuals of one species that the environment can support indefinitely.
B) The maximum amount of energy that can be transferred through the food chain.
C) The number of species that can coexist in an ecosystem.
D) The total number of organisms in an ecosystem, including all species.
Answer: A) The maximum number of individuals of one species that the environment can support indefinitely.
Explanation:
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals that an environment can sustain without depleting its resources, allowing the population to maintain balance.
- What type of succession occurs after a forest fire?
A) Primary succession
B) Secondary succession
C) Tertiary succession
D) None of the above
Answer: B) Secondary succession
Explanation:
Secondary succession occurs in an area where an ecosystem previously existed, such as after a forest fire. It begins with soil and some organisms still present, leading to a faster recovery than primary succession.
- What is the main characteristic of an “r-selected” species?
A) They produce many offspring, but invest little in their care.
B) They produce few offspring, but provide extensive parental care.
C) They thrive in stable, predictable environments.
D) They are typically large in size and have a long lifespan.
Answer: A) They produce many offspring, but invest little in their care.
Explanation:
R-selected species produce large numbers of offspring with little parental investment, typically in unstable environments, where the probability of offspring survival is low.
- In which of the following cases would a population most likely be in “logistic growth”?
A) When resources are unlimited and there are no predators.
B) When the population is small and increasing exponentially.
C) When the population grows rapidly until it reaches the environment’s carrying capacity.
D) When there are no limiting factors such as food or space.
Answer: C) When the population grows rapidly until it reaches the environment’s carrying capacity.
Explanation:
Logistic growth occurs when a population’s growth slows as it approaches the carrying capacity of the environment, forming an S-shaped curve.
- Which of the following describes “mutualism”?
A) One species benefits and the other is harmed.
B) Both species benefit from the interaction.
C) One species benefits while the other is unaffected.
D) Two species compete for the same resources.
Answer: B) Both species benefit from the interaction.
Explanation:
Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both species benefit. An example is the relationship between bees and flowers, where bees get nectar, and the flowers get pollinated.
- What term is used to describe the role and position of a species within its ecosystem?
A) Habitat
B) Niche
C) Population density
D) Community structure
Answer: B) Niche
Explanation:
A niche refers to the role and position of a species in its ecosystem, including how it gets its food, its habitat, and its interactions with other species.
- What is the impact of “invasive species” on native ecosystems?
A) They help maintain biodiversity by filling empty niches.
B) They can outcompete native species, leading to a reduction in biodiversity.
C) They have no significant effect on native species.
D) They contribute to the stabilization of ecosystems by reducing competition.
Answer: B) They can outcompete native species, leading to a reduction in biodiversity.
Explanation:
Invasive species can disrupt ecosystems by outcompeting native species for resources, leading to a decrease in biodiversity and sometimes causing the extinction of native species.
- Which of the following is a primary characteristic of a “K-selected” species?
A) Short gestation periods and many offspring.
B) Long lifespan, fewer offspring, and greater parental investment.
C) Reproduce early in life and have a large number of offspring.
D) Have a high rate of natural mortality.
Answer: B) Long lifespan, fewer offspring, and greater parental investment.
Explanation:
K-selected species are typically larger, have a longer lifespan, produce fewer offspring, and invest more in the care and survival of their young, making them suited for stable environments
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