- What is the primary function of interferons in the immune system?
a) Neutralize toxins
b) Promote phagocytosis
c) Inhibit viral replication
d) Destroy cancer cells
Answer: c) Inhibit viral replication
Explanation:
Interferons are proteins produced by host cells in response to viral infections. They help inhibit the replication of viruses and activate other immune responses. Neutralizing toxins, promoting phagocytosis, and destroying cancer cells involve other components of the immune system.
- Which of the following diseases is a type of cancer?
a) Alzheimer’s disease
b) Leukemia
c) Diabetes mellitus
d) Rheumatoid arthritis
Answer: b) Leukemia
Explanation:
Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects blood-forming tissues, such as the bone marrow, leading to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. Alzheimer’s disease is neurodegenerative, diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, and rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder.
- Which part of the human body is most affected by emphysema?
a) Liver
b) Brain
c) Lungs
d) Kidneys
Answer: c) Lungs
Explanation:
Emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease primarily affecting the lungs, where the air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, leading to difficulty in breathing and reduced oxygen exchange.
- Which of the following organisms is responsible for causing pneumonia?
a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
b) Streptococcus pneumoniae
c) Leishmania donovani
d) Plasmodium vivax
Answer: b) Streptococcus pneumoniae
Explanation:
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that causes pneumonia, leading to symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, Leishmania donovani causes kala-azar, and Plasmodium vivax causes malaria.
- Which of the following is used as a treatment for allergies?
a) Antihistamines
b) Antibiotics
c) Antivirals
d) Antifungals
Answer: a) Antihistamines
Explanation:
Antihistamines are drugs that block the action of histamine, a substance released during allergic reactions. This helps reduce symptoms such as itching, swelling, and hives. Antibiotics treat bacterial infections, antivirals treat viral infections, and antifungals treat fungal infections.
- Which of the following is not a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?
a) Syphilis
b) Hepatitis B
c) Gonorrhea
d) Typhoid
Answer: d) Typhoid
Explanation:
Typhoid is a waterborne bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi. Syphilis, hepatitis B, and gonorrhea are all sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
- Which of the following diseases is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes?
a) Malaria
b) Dengue
c) Typhoid
d) Tuberculosis
Answer: b) Dengue
Explanation:
Dengue is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, particularly Aedes aegypti. Malaria is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito, typhoid is a bacterial disease transmitted through contaminated food and water, and tuberculosis is transmitted via airborne droplets.
- Which of the following diseases is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?
a) Influenza
b) Malaria
c) Infectious mononucleosis
d) Measles
Answer: c) Infectious mononucleosis
Explanation:
Infectious mononucleosis, also known as “mono” or the “kissing disease,” is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Influenza is caused by the influenza virus, malaria is caused by Plasmodium species, and measles is caused by the measles virus.
- Which of the following is a symptom of diabetes mellitus?
a) Excessive urination
b) Increased red blood cell count
c) Low blood pressure
d) Loss of coordination
Answer: a) Excessive urination
Explanation:
One of the primary symptoms of diabetes mellitus is polyuria, or excessive urination, due to high blood sugar levels. Other symptoms include increased thirst (polydipsia) and increased hunger (polyphagia). The other options are not characteristic symptoms of diabetes mellitus.
- Which hormone is produced in excess in Graves’ disease?
a) Insulin
b) Thyroxine
c) Cortisol
d) Growth hormone
Answer: b) Thyroxine
Explanation:
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones, particularly thyroxine (T4). This leads to symptoms like weight loss, rapid heart rate, and nervousness. Insulin is related to diabetes, cortisol to stress and metabolism, and growth hormone to growth regulation.
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