MCQ 31:
What type of vector is commonly used for cloning DNA fragments in bacteria?
A) Phage vectors
B) Yeast artificial chromosomes
C) Plasmids
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Various types of vectors, including plasmids, phage vectors, and yeast artificial chromosomes, can be used for cloning DNA fragments in different organisms.
MCQ 32:
What does the term “bioremediation” refer to?
A) Cloning of animals
B) Use of living organisms to remove contaminants
C) Genetic engineering of crops
D) Synthesis of pharmaceuticals
Answer: B) Use of living organisms to remove contaminants
Explanation: Bioremediation involves using microorganisms or plants to detoxify and remove pollutants from the environment.
MCQ 33:
Which of the following is a common application of monoclonal antibodies?
A) Gene editing
B) Vaccination
C) Cancer treatment
D) Cloning
Answer: C) Cancer treatment
Explanation: Monoclonal antibodies are used in targeted therapies for cancer, allowing for specific attack on cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy cells.
MCQ 34:
Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic cells?
A) Membrane-bound organelles
B) Linear DNA
C) Nucleus
D) Circular DNA
Answer: D) Circular DNA
Explanation: Prokaryotic cells typically have circular DNA, whereas eukaryotic cells possess linear DNA contained within a nucleus.
MCQ 35:
What is the primary function of the ribosome in a cell?
A) DNA replication
B) Protein synthesis
C) Energy production
D) RNA degradation
Answer: B) Protein synthesis
Explanation: Ribosomes are the cellular machinery responsible for translating mRNA into proteins during the process of translation.
MCQ 36:
What does the term “genetic drift” refer to?
A) Change in allele frequency due to chance events
B) Introduction of new alleles through mutation
C) Natural selection favoring certain traits
D) Migration of individuals between populations
Answer: A) Change in allele frequency due to chance events
Explanation: Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that results in random changes in allele frequencies within a population, often significant in small populations.
MCQ 37:
What is the main advantage of using transgenic animals in research?
A) They are less expensive to maintain.
B) They can express human proteins.
C) They have a longer lifespan.
D) They reproduce faster than wild types.
Answer: B) They can express human proteins.
Explanation: Transgenic animals can be engineered to produce human proteins, making them valuable for studying diseases and developing therapeutics.
MCQ 38:
Which of the following techniques is used for sequencing DNA?
A) Western blotting
B) PCR
C) Sanger sequencing
D) Southern blotting
Answer: C) Sanger sequencing
Explanation: Sanger sequencing is a method used to determine the nucleotide sequence of DNA, widely utilized in genetics and molecular biology.
MCQ 39:
What is the primary role of the endoplasmic reticulum in a cell?
A) Energy production
B) Protein and lipid synthesis
C) DNA replication
D) Cellular respiration
Answer: B) Protein and lipid synthesis
Explanation: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in the synthesis of proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER), playing a critical role in cellular functions.
MCQ 40:
Which of the following molecules serves as a template for protein synthesis?
A) DNA
B) tRNA
C) mRNA
D) rRNA
Answer: C) mRNA
Explanation: Messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as the template for protein synthesis, carrying genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
MCQ 41:
What is the primary function of the CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)?
A) DNA replication
B) RNA synthesis
C) Gene editing
D) Protein degradation
Answer: C) Gene editing
Explanation: The Cas proteins, particularly Cas9, are essential for the gene-editing capabilities of the CRISPR system, allowing targeted modifications in DNA.
MCQ 42:
Which of the following is a key feature of plasmid vectors?
A) They can integrate into the host genome.
B) They replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.
C) They are linear molecules.
D) They are only found in eukaryotes.
Answer: B) They replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.
Explanation: Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently within bacterial cells, making them ideal for cloning.
MCQ 43:
Which type of gene therapy involves the replacement of a faulty gene with a functional one?
A) Germline therapy
B) Somatic cell therapy
C) Ex vivo therapy
D) In vivo therapy
Answer: B) Somatic cell therapy
Explanation: Somatic cell therapy targets non-reproductive cells to correct or replace defective genes, affecting only the individual treated.
MCQ 44:
Which of the following best describes a biotechnology application in agriculture?
A) Using CRISPR to edit crop genes
B) Creating synthetic polymers
C) Developing antibiotics
D) Cloning mammals
Answer: A) Using CRISPR to edit crop genes
Explanation: CRISPR technology is used in agriculture to enhance crop traits, improve yield, and create resistance to pests and diseases.
MCQ 45:
What is a common use of polymerase in biotechnology?
A) DNA repair
B) RNA synthesis
C) DNA amplification
D) Protein digestion
Answer: C) DNA amplification
Explanation: Polymerases, especially DNA polymerases, are essential in techniques like PCR for amplifying specific DNA sequences.
MCQ 46:
Which of the following techniques is used to visualize proteins separated by gel electrophoresis?
A) Northern blotting
B) Western blotting
C) Southern blotting
D) In situ hybridization
Answer: B) Western blotting
Explanation: Western blotting is used to detect and visualize specific proteins in a sample after separation by gel electrophoresis.
MCQ 47:
What is the main goal of metabolic engineering?
A) To create synthetic organisms
B) To optimize metabolic pathways for increased production of substances
C) To alter genetic sequences
D) To study evolutionary processes
Answer: B) To optimize metabolic pathways for increased production of substances
Explanation: Metabolic engineering aims to modify an organism’s metabolic pathways to enhance the production of desired compounds, such as biofuels or pharmaceuticals.
MCQ 48:
Which enzyme is used to amplify RNA during the process of reverse transcription?
A) RNA polymerase
B) DNA polymerase
C) Reverse transcriptase
D) Ligase
Answer: C) Reverse transcriptase
Explanation: Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that synthesizes complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, commonly used in molecular biology.
MCQ 49:
What is the purpose of gene knockdown techniques?
A) To enhance gene expression
B) To completely eliminate gene function
C) To reduce the expression of specific genes
D) To insert foreign genes
Answer: C) To reduce the expression of specific genes
Explanation: Gene knockdown techniques, such as using siRNA, are designed to decrease the expression of specific genes to study their function.
MCQ 50:
Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
A) Lack of nucleus
B) Circular DNA
C) Membrane-bound organelles
D) Unicellular only
Answer: C) Membrane-bound organelles
Explanation: Eukaryotic cells are defined by the presence of membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus that contains their linear DNA.
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