MCQ 21:
What is the main purpose of the DNA microarray technique?
A) Amplifying DNA
B) Sequencing DNA
C) Analyzing gene expression
D) Cloning genes
Answer: C) Analyzing gene expression
Explanation: DNA microarrays are used to analyze the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously, providing insight into gene activity.
MCQ 22:
Which of the following processes involves the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact?
A) Transformation
B) Transduction
C) Conjugation
D) Transfection
Answer: C) Conjugation
Explanation: Conjugation is the process where genetic material is transferred between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact, often using a pilus.
MCQ 23:
What is the primary role of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
A) To analyze protein structure
B) To sequence DNA
C) To amplify specific DNA sequences
D) To repair DNA
Answer: C) To amplify specific DNA sequences
Explanation: PCR is specifically designed to amplify a targeted DNA sequence, making it easier to study or use in various applications.
MCQ 24:
Which component of a PCR reaction is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands?
A) Primers
B) Template DNA
C) DNA polymerase
D) Nucleotides
Answer: C) DNA polymerase
Explanation: DNA polymerase is the enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands during the PCR process by adding nucleotides to the growing chain.
MCQ 25:
What is a common application of gene therapy?
A) Producing biofuels
B) Treating genetic disorders
C) Developing vaccines
D) Enhancing agricultural crops
Answer: B) Treating genetic disorders
Explanation: Gene therapy aims to treat or prevent genetic disorders by introducing, removing, or altering genetic material within a patient’s cells.
MCQ 26:
Which of the following is an advantage of using genetically modified crops?
A) Increased resistance to pests
B) Decreased nutritional value
C) Higher production costs
D) Longer growing seasons
Answer: A) Increased resistance to pests
Explanation: Genetically modified crops are often engineered for traits like pest resistance, which can lead to higher yields and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.
MCQ 27:
In what way does the Sanger method differ from next-generation sequencing (NGS)?
A) It uses fluorescent labels.
B) It sequences many fragments simultaneously.
C) It is more cost-effective.
D) It requires fewer reagents.
Answer: B) It sequences many fragments simultaneously.
Explanation: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) allows for massively parallel sequencing of many DNA fragments at once, unlike the Sanger method, which sequences one fragment at a time.
MCQ 28:
What is the function of the Cas9 protein in the CRISPR-Cas9 system?
A) Synthesizing RNA
B) Binding to DNA
C) Cutting DNA
D) Amplifying DNA
Answer: C) Cutting DNA
Explanation: Cas9 is an endonuclease that cuts DNA at specific locations, enabling gene editing by creating double-strand breaks.
MCQ 29:
Which of the following describes the process of transformation in bacteria?
A) Uptake of naked DNA from the environment
B) Transfer of DNA via a virus
C) Direct cell-to-cell transfer of DNA
D) Synthesis of RNA from DNA
Answer: A) Uptake of naked DNA from the environment
Explanation: Transformation is the process where bacteria take up free DNA from their surroundings, which can lead to genetic changes.
MCQ 30:
Which enzyme is essential for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?
A) Helicase
B) DNA polymerase
C) Ligase
D) Primase
Answer: C) Ligase
Explanation: DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, sealing nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone during DNA replication.
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