- Which of the following is a genetically modified organism (GMO) used to produce vaccines?
a) Penicillium chrysogenum
b) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
c) Escherichia coli
d) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Answer: b) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Explanation:
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been genetically modified to produce recombinant proteins for vaccines, such as the hepatitis B vaccine, by expressing the virus surface antigen.
- Transgenic animals have been used for all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Producing therapeutic proteins
b) Studying gene function
c) Nitrogen fixation in soil
d) Drug testing
Answer: c) Nitrogen fixation in soil
Explanation:
Transgenic animals are not involved in nitrogen fixation, which is a process performed by certain bacteria and plants. Instead, transgenic animals are used for research, drug testing, and producing proteins for therapeutic use.
- Gene therapy is most effective in treating:
a) Genetic disorders
b) Viral infections
c) Parasitic diseases
d) Autoimmune diseases
Answer: a) Genetic disorders
Explanation:
Gene therapy is particularly effective in treating genetic disorders by correcting or replacing defective genes in affected individuals. It is less applicable to viral, parasitic, or autoimmune diseases.
- Which of the following vectors is used to transfer genes into animal cells?
a) Ti plasmid
b) Retrovirus
c) T4 bacteriophage
d) Cosmid
Answer: b) Retrovirus
Explanation:
Retroviruses are commonly used vectors to transfer genes into animal cells, as they can integrate their genetic material into the host cell genome. This makes them effective in gene therapy and genetic research.
- Which enzyme is responsible for the polymerization of nucleotides during DNA replication?
a) DNA polymerase
b) RNA polymerase
c) Helicase
d) Ligase
Answer: a) DNA polymerase
Explanation:
DNA polymerase is the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to a growing DNA strand during DNA replication. It ensures the correct pairing of nucleotides based on the template strand.
- Which of the following is used to separate DNA fragments based on their size?
a) PCR
b) Gel electrophoresis
c) DNA sequencing
d) Restriction digestion
Answer: b) Gel electrophoresis
Explanation:
Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments by size. DNA fragments are placed in a gel, and an electric current is applied, causing smaller fragments to move faster through the gel matrix than larger ones.
- Which of the following is used to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?
a) Bioremediation
b) Recombinant DNA technology
c) Phylogenetics
d) DNA fingerprinting
Answer: b) Recombinant DNA technology
Explanation:
GMOs are created using recombinant DNA technology, which involves inserting a desired gene from one organism into the genome of another, leading to the expression of new traits in the recipient organism.
- The process of creating identical genetic copies of an organism through artificial means is called:
a) Gene therapy
b) Cloning
c) Genetic drift
d) Hybridization
Answer: b) Cloning
Explanation:
Cloning refers to the process of creating identical copies of an organism through non-sexual means, often using somatic cell nuclear transfer or other techniques to replicate the genome.
- Which of the following methods is used to introduce DNA into plant cells?
a) Gene gun
b) Microinjection
c) Transformation
d) Electroporation
Answer: a) Gene gun
Explanation:
The gene gun (or biolistic particle delivery system) is used to deliver DNA into plant cells by shooting microscopic particles coated with DNA into the plant tissue. This method is commonly used to create genetically modified plants.
- Which of the following is a benefit of Bt crops?
a) Increased use of chemical pesticides
b) Enhanced resistance to viruses
c) Reduced need for pesticide application
d) Faster ripening
Answer: c) Reduced need for pesticide application
Explanation:
Bt crops produce Cry proteins that are toxic to certain pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticide applications and leading to more sustainable agricultural practices.
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