Here below some basic MCQ’s about “Chemical coordination and integration” with answer which is explained in details. Let’s check one by one which is given below.
Question 1:
Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels?
A) Insulin
B) Thyroxine
C) Cortisol
D) Adrenaline
Answer: A) Insulin
Explanation: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, particularly muscle and fat cells. Thyroxine primarily regulates metabolism, cortisol is involved in stress response, and adrenaline prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses.
Question 2:
Which gland is known as the “master gland” of the endocrine system?
A) Thyroid gland
B) Pituitary gland
C) Adrenal gland
D) Pancreas
Answer: B) Pituitary gland
Explanation: The pituitary gland is often referred to as the “master gland” because it regulates many bodily functions by releasing hormones that control other glands in the endocrine system, such as the thyroid and adrenal glands.
Question 3:
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal medulla?
A) Aldosterone
B) Cortisol
C) Epinephrine
D) Glucagon
Answer: C) Epinephrine
Explanation: Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is produced by the adrenal medulla and is involved in the body’s fight-or-flight response. Aldosterone and cortisol are produced by the adrenal cortex, while glucagon is secreted by the pancreas.
Question 4:
What is the primary function of oxytocin?
A) Regulation of metabolism
B) Uterine contraction during childbirth
C) Increase blood sugar levels
D) Maintenance of calcium levels
Answer: B) Uterine contraction during childbirth
Explanation: Oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during labor and helps with milk ejection during breastfeeding. It does not primarily regulate metabolism, blood sugar, or calcium levels.
Question 5:
Which hormone is responsible for the “fight or flight” response?
A) Thyroxine
B) Cortisol
C) Norepinephrine
D) Insulin
Answer: C) Norepinephrine
Explanation: Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is released during the “fight or flight” response, which prepares the body to react to perceived threats. It works alongside epinephrine to increase heart rate and blood flow to muscles. Cortisol also plays a role in stress response but is not the primary hormone for the immediate “fight or flight” reaction.
Question 6:
Which of the following hormones regulates metabolism and is produced by the thyroid gland?
A) Insulin
B) Thyroxine (T4)
C) Cortisol
D) Parathyroid hormone
Answer: B) Thyroxine (T4)
Explanation: Thyroxine (T4) is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism. It increases the metabolic rate of cells and affects growth and development.
Question 7:
Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Somatostatin
D) Adrenaline
Answer: B) Glucagon
Explanation: Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low. It promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, raising blood sugar levels.
Question 8:
What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
A) Decreases blood sugar levels
B) Increases blood calcium levels
C) Stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys
D) Regulates metabolism
Answer: B) Increases blood calcium levels
Explanation: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.
Question 9:
Which of the following hormones is primarily involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle?
A) Progesterone
B) Testosterone
C) Cortisol
D) Insulin
Answer: A) Progesterone
Explanation: Progesterone is crucial for regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the uterus for a potential pregnancy.
Question 10:
Which of the following is a function of the adrenal cortex?
A) Secretion of insulin
B) Regulation of sodium and potassium levels
C) Production of adrenaline
D) Release of oxytocin
Answer: B) Regulation of sodium and potassium levels
Explanation: The adrenal cortex produces hormones like aldosterone, which regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body. Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal medulla, and insulin and oxytocin are produced by the pancreas and pituitary gland, respectively.
Question 11:
Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?
A) Aldosterone
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Cortisol
D) Glucagon
Answer: B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Explanation: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output and helping to concentrate the urine.
Question 12:
What is the primary function of testosterone?
A) Regulation of the menstrual cycle
B) Development of male secondary sexual characteristics
C) Maintenance of blood calcium levels
D) Regulation of metabolism
Answer: B) Development of male secondary sexual characteristics
Explanation: Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle mass, body hair, and deepening of the voice.
Question 13:
Which of the following hormones is known for its role in the body’s stress response?
A) Insulin
B) Estrogen
C) Cortisol
D) Progesterone
Answer: C) Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol is known as the “stress hormone” as it is released in response to stress and helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and blood pressure.
Question 14:
Which gland produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles?
A) Thyroid
B) Pineal
C) Pituitary
D) Adrenal
Answer: B) Pineal
Explanation: The pineal gland produces melatonin, which helps regulate sleep-wake cycles by signaling the body when it is time to sleep.
Question 15:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for milk production in mammals?
A) Prolactin
B) Oxytocin
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone
Answer: A) Prolactin
Explanation: Prolactin is the hormone responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands after childbirth.
Question 16:
What effect does insulin have on blood glucose levels?
A) Increases
B) Decreases
C) No effect
D) Fluctuates
Answer: B) Decreases
Explanation: Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy and storage as glycogen.
Question 17:
Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates adrenal cortex activity?
A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Answer: C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Explanation: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and other corticosteroids, playing a key role in the stress response.
Question 18:
What is the primary action of aldosterone?
A) Increase blood sugar levels
B) Increase blood calcium levels
C) Promote sodium reabsorption
D) Decrease heart rate
Answer: C) Promote sodium reabsorption
Explanation: Aldosterone, produced by the adrenal cortex, promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume.
Question 19:
Which hormone is primarily involved in the body’s response to low blood pressure?
A) Insulin
B) Renin
C) Oxytocin
D) Thyroxine
Answer: B) Renin
Explanation: Renin is an enzyme secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure, which helps convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, leading to increased blood pressure.
Question 20:
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the thyroid gland?
A) Calcitonin
B) Cortisol
C) Epinephrine
D) Glucagon
Answer: A) Calcitonin
Explanation: Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and helps lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys.
Question 21:
What is the role of somatostatin in the body?
A) Stimulates growth
B) Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
C) Increases metabolism
D) Regulates calcium levels
Answer: B) Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
Explanation: Somatostatin is produced by the pancreas and hypothalamus and inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon, thereby playing a role in regulating glucose levels.
Question 22:
Which hormone is released during childbirth to facilitate uterine contractions?
A) Estrogen
B) Oxytocin
C) Progesterone
D) Prolactin
Answer: B) Oxytocin
Explanation: Oxytocin is released during childbirth to stimulate uterine contractions, helping in the labor process.
Question 23:
What effect does adrenaline have on the body?
A) Decreases heart rate
B) Constricts blood vessels
C) Increases blood sugar levels
D) Lowers blood pressure
Answer: C) Increases blood sugar levels
Explanation: Adrenaline increases blood sugar levels by promoting glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen) in the liver, preparing the body for rapid energy use during stress.
Question 24:
Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of basal metabolic rate?
A) Insulin
B) Thyroxine
C) Cortisol
D) Growth hormone
Answer: B) Thyroxine
Explanation: Thyroxine (T4) regulates basal metabolic rate by increasing the rate of metabolism in cells throughout the body.
Question 25:
What is the main function of the hormone leptin?
A) Increase appetite
B) Regulate blood sugar
C) Regulate energy balance and inhibit hunger
D) Promote calcium absorption
Answer: C) Regulate energy balance and inhibit hunger
Explanation: Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose (fat) tissue that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, thus playing a crucial role in body weight regulation.
Question 26:
Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
A) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) Growth hormone (GH)
C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Answer: C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Explanation: The posterior pituitary gland secretes ADH (vasopressin), which helps regulate water balance in the body.
Question 27:
Which hormone increases the body’s metabolic rate?
A) Insulin
B) Thyroxine
C) Cortisol
D) Growth hormone
Answer: B) Thyroxine
Explanation: Thyroxine increases the metabolic rate of the body by enhancing oxygen consumption and energy expenditure.
Question 28:
Which of the following is NOT a function of the thyroid hormones?
A) Regulating growth and development
B) Increasing heart rate
C) Increasing calcium absorption in bones
D) Regulating metabolism
Answer: C) Increasing calcium absorption in bones
Explanation: Thyroid hormones do not increase calcium absorption in bones; rather, parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the body.
Question 29:
Which hormone is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?
A) Cortisol
B) Norepinephrine
C) Insulin
D) Thyroxine
Answer: B) Norepinephrine
Explanation: Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is released during stress to prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate and blood flow to muscles.
Question 30:
Which hormone plays a crucial role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and ovulation?
A) Testosterone
B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) Cortisol
D) Insulin
Answer: B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Explanation: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is essential for the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles and plays a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle and ovulation.
Question 31:
What is the effect of glucagon on liver cells?
A) Promotes glycogen synthesis
B) Increases glycogenolysis
C) Decreases blood glucose levels
D) Increases protein synthesis
Answer: B) Increases glycogenolysis
Explanation: Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver, which increases blood glucose levels.
Question 32:
Which hormone is secreted by the testes?
A) Estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Testosterone
D) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Answer: C) Testosterone
Explanation: Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone produced by the testes, responsible for the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.
Question 33:
What is the main role of the hormone ghrelin?
A) Stimulates appetite
B) Inhibits appetite
C) Regulates metabolism
D) Promotes growth
Answer: A) Stimulates appetite
Explanation: Ghrelin is known as the “hunger hormone” as it stimulates appetite and food intake.
Question 34:
Which hormone helps to regulate blood pressure by affecting kidney function?
A) Aldosterone
B) Adrenaline
C) Insulin
D) Thyroxine
Answer: A) Aldosterone
Explanation: Aldosterone regulates blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which increases blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.
Question 35:
Which hormone is known to increase calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and intestines?
A) Calcitonin
B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) Aldosterone
D) Insulin
Answer: B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Explanation: Parathyroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and intestines and stimulates the release of calcium from bones.
Question 36:
Which hormone is involved in the body’s stress response and increases blood sugar?
A) Insulin
B) Adrenaline
C) Prolactin
D) Thyroxine
Answer: B) Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline is released during stress and increases blood sugar levels to provide quick energy for the body’s fight-or-flight response.
Question 37:
What is the primary effect of estrogen in the female body?
A) Increases muscle mass
B) Regulates the menstrual cycle
C) Increases calcium levels
D) Stimulates fat storage
Answer: B) Regulates the menstrual cycle
Explanation: Estrogen is crucial for regulating the menstrual cycle and is involved in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
Question 38:
Which of the following hormones is involved in the regulation of metabolism?
A) Insulin
B) Growth hormone
C) Thyroxine
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: All these hormones—insulin, growth hormone, and thyroxine—play roles in regulating metabolism in various ways.
Question 39:
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
A) Thyroid hormones
B) Growth hormone (GH)
C) Insulin
D) Melatonin
Answer: B) Growth hormone (GH)
Explanation: Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates growth and cell reproduction.
Question 40:
Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of sleep patterns?
A) Insulin
B) Melatonin
C) Estrogen
D) Cortisol
Answer: B) Melatonin
Explanation: Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and helps regulate sleep-wake cycles, signaling to the body when it’s time to sleep.
Question 41:
What role does cortisol play in the body?
A) Increases insulin sensitivity
B) Regulates sodium levels
C) Increases blood sugar during stress
D) Promotes growth
Answer: C) Increases blood sugar during stress
Explanation: Cortisol is released during stress and increases blood sugar levels by promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Question 42:
Which of the following is NOT a function of insulin?
A) Promotes glucose uptake by cells
B) Stimulates glycogen synthesis
C) Increases blood sugar levels
D) Inhibits fat breakdown
Answer: C) Increases blood sugar levels
Explanation: Insulin decreases blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake and storage; it does not increase blood sugar.
Question 43:
Which hormone acts to lower blood calcium levels?
A) Calcitonin
B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) Aldosterone
D) Testosterone
Answer: A) Calcitonin
Explanation: Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity in bones and promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys.
Question 44:
What is the role of the hormone insulin-like growth factor (IGF)?
A) Increases blood glucose
B) Promotes growth and development
C) Regulates calcium levels
D) Inhibits appetite
Answer: B) Promotes growth and development
Explanation: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) promotes growth and development in tissues, especially during childhood and adolescence.
Question 45:
Which of the following hormones is involved in the body’s circadian rhythms?
A) Cortisol
B) Insulin
C) Melatonin
D) Thyroxine
Answer: C) Melatonin
Explanation: Melatonin plays a key role in regulating circadian rhythms, signaling to the body when it is time to sleep.
Question 46:
Which hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids?
A) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Answer: C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Explanation: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids, including cortisol.
Question 47:
Which hormone increases the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys?
A) Glucagon
B) Aldosterone
C) Insulin
D) Estrogen
Answer: B) Aldosterone
Explanation: Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which helps regulate blood pressure and volume.
Question 48:
What is the primary function of the hormone leptin?
A) Increases appetite
B) Regulates energy balance
C) Stimulates growth
D) Increases blood pressure
Answer: B) Regulates energy balance
Explanation: Leptin is involved in regulating energy balance and inhibiting hunger, thereby playing a role in body weight regulation.
Question 49:
Which of the following hormones is produced by the pancreas?
A) Thyroxine
B) Insulin
C) Cortisol
D) Adrenaline
Answer: B) Insulin
Explanation: Insulin is produced by the pancreas and plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels.
Question 50:
Which hormone is secreted by the ovaries?
A) Testosterone
B) Estrogen
C) Insulin
D) Cortisol
Answer: B) Estrogen
Explanation: Estrogen is produced by the ovaries and is involved in regulating the menstrual cycle and female reproductive functions.
Question 51:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics?
A) Testosterone
B) Progesterone
C) Estrogen
D) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Answer: C) Estrogen
Explanation: Estrogen is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development and the regulation of the menstrual cycle.
Question 52:
What is the effect of growth hormone (GH) on the body?
A) Decreases muscle mass
B) Promotes tissue growth
C) Inhibits metabolism
D) Increases fat storage
Answer: B) Promotes tissue growth
Explanation: Growth hormone (GH) stimulates growth and cell reproduction, promoting tissue growth and repair.
Question 53:
Which hormone regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is produced in response to darkness?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Melatonin
D) Progesterone
Answer: C) Melatonin
Explanation: Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness and helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle.
Question 54:
Which of the following hormones is associated with the stress response and metabolism?
A) Adrenaline
B) Glucagon
C) Insulin
D) Thyroxine
Answer: A) Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline is released during stress and increases metabolic activity, preparing the body for quick responses.
Question 55:
What is the primary function of progesterone?
A) Stimulates milk production
B) Regulates the menstrual cycle
C) Increases blood sugar levels
D) Promotes bone growth
Answer: B) Regulates the menstrual cycle
Explanation: Progesterone plays a critical role in regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the uterus for a potential pregnancy.
Question 56:
Which of the following hormones lowers blood sugar levels?
A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Cortisol
D) Thyroxine
Answer: B) Insulin
Explanation: Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.
Question 57:
Which gland secretes growth hormone (GH)?
A) Thyroid gland
B) Adrenal gland
C) Pituitary gland
D) Pancreas
Answer: C) Pituitary gland
Explanation: The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which regulates growth and metabolism.
Question 58:
Which hormone is secreted in response to high blood calcium levels?
A) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B) Insulin
C) Calcitonin
D) Glucagon
Answer: C) Calcitonin
Explanation: Calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland to lower blood calcium levels when they are elevated.
Question 59:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth?
A) Progesterone
B) Prolactin
C) Oxytocin
D) Estrogen
Answer: C) Oxytocin
Explanation: Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and aids in milk ejection during breastfeeding.
Question 60:
What effect does cortisol have on the immune system?
A) Enhances immune response
B) Suppresses immune response
C) Has no effect
D) Stimulates immune cell production
Answer: B) Suppresses immune response
Explanation: Cortisol has an immunosuppressive effect, helping to reduce inflammation and the immune response during stress.
Question 61:
Which hormone is released during hypoglycemia to increase blood sugar levels?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Thyroxine
D) Cortisol
Answer: B) Glucagon
Explanation: Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas in response to low blood sugar levels and promotes the release of glucose into the bloodstream.
Question 62:
What is the role of the hormone aldosterone?
A) Increases blood sugar levels
B) Regulates sodium and potassium balance
C) Stimulates growth
D) Affects metabolism
Answer: B) Regulates sodium and potassium balance
Explanation: Aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex and regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
Question 63:
Which of the following hormones is associated with the body’s response to stress?
A) Melatonin
B) Adrenaline
C) Thyroxine
D) Insulin
Answer: B) Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline is released in response to stress and is involved in the fight-or-flight response, increasing heart rate and blood flow to muscles.
Question 64:
Which hormone is known as the “stress hormone”?
A) Cortisol
B) Estrogen
C) Insulin
D) Progesterone
Answer: A) Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol is known as the “stress hormone” because it is released in response to stress and helps regulate various bodily functions during stressful situations.
Question 65:
What is the primary role of the hormone insulin?
A) Increases blood sugar levels
B) Decreases blood sugar levels
C) Regulates metabolism
D) Promotes fat storage
Answer: B) Decreases blood sugar levels
Explanation: Insulin decreases blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells for energy.
Question 66:
Which gland produces calcitonin?
A) Adrenal gland
B) Thyroid gland
C) Pituitary gland
D) Pancreas
Answer: B) Thyroid gland
Explanation: Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.
Question 67:
Which hormone is produced by the ovaries and is crucial for maintaining pregnancy?
A) Testosterone
B) Progesterone
C) Estrogen
D) Oxytocin
Answer: B) Progesterone
Explanation: Progesterone helps maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy and is essential for successful gestation.
Question 68:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells?
A) Erythropoietin
B) Insulin
C) Thyroxine
D) Cortisol
Answer: A) Erythropoietin
Explanation: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
Question 69:
What is the role of the hormone prolactin?
A) Stimulates milk production
B) Regulates metabolism
C) Increases blood sugar levels
D) Stimulates growth
Answer: A) Stimulates milk production
Explanation: Prolactin is responsible for stimulating milk production in the mammary glands after childbirth.
Question 70:
Which hormone helps to lower blood pressure by promoting vasodilation?
A) Insulin
B) Adrenaline
C) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D) Cortisol
Answer: C) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Explanation: ANP is produced by the heart and helps lower blood pressure by promoting vasodilation and sodium excretion.
Question 71:
Which hormone increases during fasting to promote energy mobilization?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Cortisol
D) Thyroxine
Answer: B) Glucagon
Explanation: Glucagon increases during fasting to promote the mobilization of energy by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Question 72:
Which hormone is released in response to low blood oxygen levels?
A) Erythropoietin
B) Insulin
C) Cortisol
D) Thyroxine
Answer: A) Erythropoietin
Explanation: Erythropoietin is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels, stimulating the production of red blood cells.
Question 73:
What effect does adrenaline have on the cardiovascular system?
A) Decreases heart rate
B) Increases heart rate
C) Causes vasodilation
D) Lowers blood pressure
Answer: B) Increases heart rate
Explanation: Adrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure to prepare the body for a rapid response during stressful situations.
Question 74:
Which hormone stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?
A) Growth hormone (GH)
B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Answer: B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Explanation: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and other glucocorticoids.
Question 75:
Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of the body’s metabolic rate?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Thyroxine
D) Testosterone
Answer: C) Thyroxine
Explanation: Thyroxine regulates the metabolic rate and is essential for growth and development.
Question 76:
Which hormone is primarily involved in fat metabolism and energy regulation?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Leptin
D) Thyroxine
Answer: C) Leptin
Explanation: Leptin regulates fat storage and energy balance by signaling the brain to inhibit hunger and increase energy expenditure.
Question 77:
Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar levels?
A) Glucagon
B) Cortisol
C) Insulin
D) Epinephrine
Answer: C) Insulin
Explanation: Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar levels to facilitate glucose uptake by cells.
Question 78:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating ovulation?
A) Progesterone
B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) Estrogen
Answer: C) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Explanation: Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone by the ovaries.
Question 79:
Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of sodium and potassium levels?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Aldosterone
D) Thyroxine
Answer: C) Aldosterone
Explanation: Aldosterone helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body, affecting blood pressure and fluid balance.
Question 80:
What is the effect of insulin on fat cells?
A) Increases fat breakdown
B) Promotes fat storage
C) Decreases fat storage
D) Has no effect
Answer: B) Promotes fat storage
Explanation: Insulin promotes fat storage in adipose (fat) cells by facilitating the uptake of glucose and fatty acids for energy storage.
Question 81:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating milk ejection during breastfeeding?
A) Prolactin
B) Oxytocin
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone
Answer: B) Oxytocin
Explanation: Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle cells in the mammary glands, leading to milk ejection during breastfeeding.
Question 82:
What is the function of the hormone erythropoietin?
A) Stimulates insulin release
B) Promotes red blood cell production
C) Increases blood pressure
D) Enhances immune response
Answer: B) Promotes red blood cell production
Explanation: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels.
Question 83:
Which hormone is known to increase the absorption of glucose in the intestines?
A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Thyroxine
D) Cortisol
Answer: B) Insulin
Explanation: Insulin increases the absorption of glucose in the intestines and facilitates its uptake by cells throughout the body.
Question 84:
What role does calcitonin play in calcium metabolism?
A) Increases blood calcium levels
B) Decreases blood calcium levels
C) Stimulates calcium absorption in intestines
D) Inhibits calcium reabsorption in kidneys
Answer: B) Decreases blood calcium levels
Explanation: Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity in bones and promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys.
Question 85:
Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress?
A) Cortisol
B) Norepinephrine
C) Glucagon
D) Thyroxine
Answer: B) Norepinephrine
Explanation: Norepinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla during the stress response, contributing to the fight-or-flight response.
Question 86:
Which hormone is known for its role in the regulation of blood sugar levels during prolonged fasting?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Glucagon
D) Thyroxine
Answer: C) Glucagon
Explanation: Glucagon raises blood sugar levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver during fasting states.
Question 87:
What is the primary action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
A) Decreases blood calcium levels
B) Increases blood calcium levels
C) Regulates metabolism
D) Stimulates insulin release
Answer: B) Increases blood calcium levels
Explanation: PTH increases blood calcium levels by promoting bone resorption, increasing renal reabsorption of calcium, and stimulating the conversion of vitamin D to its active form.
Question 88:
Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to counteract high blood sugar?
A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Cortisol
D) Adrenaline
Answer: B) Insulin
Explanation: Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose by tissues and stimulating glycogen storage in the liver.
Question 89:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the body’s circadian rhythms?
A) Melatonin
B) Cortisol
C) Insulin
D) Progesterone
Answer: A) Melatonin
Explanation: Melatonin regulates circadian rhythms, including sleep-wake cycles, by signaling when it is time to sleep.
Question 90:
What effect does aldosterone have on potassium levels in the body?
A) Increases potassium levels
B) Decreases potassium levels
C) Has no effect on potassium levels
D) Increases potassium absorption
Answer: B) Decreases potassium levels
Explanation: Aldosterone promotes the excretion of potassium in the kidneys, thereby decreasing potassium levels in the blood.
Question 91:
Which hormone increases during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
A) Progesterone
B) Estrogen
C) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Answer: D) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Explanation: FSH levels rise during the follicular phase, stimulating the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles.
Question 92:
Which hormone is involved in promoting gluconeogenesis in the liver?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Thyroxine
D) Somatostatin
Answer: B) Glucagon
Explanation: Glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis, the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, in the liver to increase blood sugar levels.
Question 93:
What is the primary effect of growth hormone (GH) on adipose tissue?
A) Increases fat storage
B) Promotes fat breakdown
C) Stimulates insulin sensitivity
D) Decreases fat metabolism
Answer: B) Promotes fat breakdown
Explanation: Growth hormone (GH) promotes lipolysis, leading to the breakdown of fat stores for energy use.
Question 94:
Which hormone is responsible for regulating sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?
A) Cortisol
B) Aldosterone
C) Insulin
D) Thyroxine
Answer: B) Aldosterone
Explanation: Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which helps to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.
Question 95:
What is the role of testosterone in males?
A) Promotes development of female characteristics
B) Regulates blood sugar levels
C) Stimulates sperm production and male characteristics
D) Increases milk production
Answer: C) Stimulates sperm production and male characteristics
Explanation: Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone that promotes the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics, including sperm production.
Question 96:
Which hormone has a significant effect on the body’s metabolism during stress?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Thyroxine
D) Growth hormone
Answer: B) Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol increases blood sugar levels and affects metabolism during stress by promoting gluconeogenesis and mobilizing fatty acids.
Question 97:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the female menstrual cycle?
A) Testosterone
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) Both B and C
Answer: D) Both B and C
Explanation: Both LH and FSH are crucial for regulating the female menstrual cycle, stimulating follicle development and ovulation.
Question 98:
Which hormone is released by the kidneys to regulate blood pressure?
A) Aldosterone
B) Erythropoietin
C) Renin
D) Insulin
Answer: C) Renin
Explanation: Renin is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure, leading to the production of angiotensin II, which raises blood pressure.
Question 99:
Which hormone increases during pregnancy to support fetal development?
A) Cortisol
B) Progesterone
C) Estrogen
D) Both B and C
Answer: D) Both B and C
Explanation: Both progesterone and estrogen levels increase significantly during pregnancy to maintain the uterine lining and support fetal development.
Question 100:
What is the function of the hormone somatostatin?
A) Stimulates growth
B) Inhibits insulin and glucagon release
C) Increases metabolism
D) Promotes fat storage
Answer: B) Inhibits insulin and glucagon release
Explanation: Somatostatin inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon, helping to regulate glucose metabolism.
Question 101:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the adrenal cortex to produce hormones?
A) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Answer: A) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Explanation: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens.
Question 102:
Which hormone plays a key role in maintaining water balance in the body?
A) Aldosterone
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Insulin
D) Cortisol
Answer: B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Explanation: ADH regulates water balance by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output.
Question 103:
Which hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females?
A) Progesterone
B) Testosterone
C) Estrogen
D) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Answer: C) Estrogen
Explanation: Estrogen promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development and menstrual regulation.
Question 104:
What is the main effect of glucagon on blood glucose levels?
A) Decreases blood glucose levels
B) Increases blood glucose levels
C) Has no effect
D) Promotes glucose absorption
Answer: B) Increases blood glucose levels
Explanation: Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Question 105:
Which hormone is produced by the placenta during pregnancy?
A) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
B) Insulin
C) Cortisol
D) Thyroxine
Answer: A) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Explanation: hCG is produced by the placenta and helps maintain the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.
Question 106:
Which hormone is known to regulate sleep patterns and is influenced by light exposure?
A) Melatonin
B) Cortisol
C) Testosterone
D) Progesterone
Answer: A) Melatonin
Explanation: Melatonin production increases in response to darkness and helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.
Question 107:
What role does the hormone leptin play in the body?
A) Regulates blood sugar levels
B) Increases hunger
C) Suppresses appetite
D) Promotes fat storage
Answer: C) Suppresses appetite
Explanation: Leptin is produced by adipose tissue and helps regulate energy balance by suppressing appetite.
Question 108:
Which hormone stimulates the production of cortisol from the adrenal glands?
A) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
B) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) Growth hormone (GH)
Answer: C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Explanation: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other glucocorticoids in response to stress.
Question 109:
Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of the immune response?
A) Estrogen
B) Cortisol
C) Insulin
D) Thyroxine
Answer: B) Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol has immunosuppressive properties, regulating and modulating the immune response during stress.
Question 110:
What is the role of thyroid hormones in the body?
A) Regulate blood pressure
B) Control metabolism and energy production
C) Stimulate appetite
D) Promote muscle growth
Answer: B) Control metabolism and energy production
Explanation: Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) regulate the body’s metabolic rate, energy production, and overall growth and development.
Question 111:
Which hormone is released during acute stress to prepare the body for ‘fight or flight’?
A) Cortisol
B) Norepinephrine
C) Insulin
D) Estrogen
Answer: B) Norepinephrine
Explanation: Norepinephrine is released during acute stress, increasing heart rate, blood flow, and energy availability for rapid response.
Question 112:
What effect does progesterone have on the uterus?
A) Stimulates contraction
B) Prepares the lining for implantation
C) Reduces blood flow
D) Inhibits ovulation
Answer: B) Prepares the lining for implantation
Explanation: Progesterone prepares the uterine lining for potential implantation of a fertilized egg, maintaining the pregnancy.
Question 113:
Which hormone is primarily involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle?
A) Estrogen
B) Melatonin
C) Cortisol
D) Insulin
Answer: B) Melatonin
Explanation: Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle, responding to light and darkness.
Question 114:
What is the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism?
A) Increases glucose production
B) Decreases glucose uptake
C) Promotes glucose storage
D) Has no effect on glucose metabolism
Answer: C) Promotes glucose storage
Explanation: Insulin promotes the uptake and storage of glucose in cells, particularly in the liver and muscle tissues.
Question 115:
Which hormone is known to stimulate the thyroid gland?
A) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
C) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Answer: B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Explanation: TSH is released by the pituitary gland and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
Question 116:
What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
A) Increases calcium absorption in intestines
B) Lowers blood calcium levels
C) Increases blood calcium levels
D) Regulates glucose metabolism
Answer: C) Increases blood calcium levels
Explanation: PTH raises blood calcium levels by promoting the release of calcium from bones and enhancing renal reabsorption.
Question 117:
Which hormone is released in response to dehydration?
A) Aldosterone
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Insulin
D) Cortisol
Answer: B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Explanation: ADH is released to promote water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output and conserving water.
Question 118:
Which hormone is crucial for the development of follicles in the ovaries?
A) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) Progesterone
D) Estrogen
Answer: B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Explanation: FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles during the menstrual cycle.
Question 119:
What is the primary function of the hormone oxytocin?
A) Regulates blood sugar
B) Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection
C) Increases metabolic rate
D) Promotes fat storage
Answer: B) Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection
Explanation: Oxytocin is involved in childbirth by stimulating uterine contractions and in lactation by aiding milk ejection.
Question 120:
Which hormone primarily affects mood and emotional behavior?
A) Insulin
B) Serotonin
C) Thyroxine
D) Progesterone
Answer: B) Serotonin
Explanation: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a significant role in regulating mood, anxiety, and emotional well-being.
Question 121:
What effect does glucagon have on liver cells?
A) Promotes glycogenesis
B) Stimulates glycogenolysis
C) Inhibits gluconeogenesis
D) Increases fatty acid synthesis
Answer: B) Stimulates glycogenolysis
Explanation: Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in liver cells, raising blood sugar levels.
Question 122:
Which hormone is released in response to stress and helps in mobilizing energy stores?
A) Adrenaline
B) Cortisol
C) Insulin
D) Estrogen
Answer: B) Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol is released in response to stress and helps mobilize energy stores by increasing blood glucose levels.
Question 123:
What is the function of the hormone renin?
A) Increases blood pressure
B) Decreases blood pressure
C) Regulates calcium levels
D) Stimulates insulin production
Answer: A) Increases blood pressure
Explanation: Renin is an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, leading to increased blood pressure through vasoconstriction.
Question 124:
Which hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex?
A) Adrenaline
B) Cortisol
C) Norepinephrine
D) Insulin
Answer: B) Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, involved in stress response and metabolism.
Question 125:
Which hormone helps to regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy?
A) Cortisol
B) Estrogen
C) Insulin
D) Adrenaline
Answer: B) Estrogen
Explanation: Estrogen plays a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting pregnancy.
Question 126:
What role does testosterone play in the body?
A) Increases calcium absorption
B) Regulates metabolism
C) Stimulates sperm production and male characteristics
D) Promotes fat breakdown
Answer: C) Stimulates sperm production and male characteristics
Explanation: Testosterone is essential for the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.
Question 127:
Which hormone is produced in response to low blood pressure and stimulates thirst?
A) Aldosterone
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Angiotensin II
D) Insulin
Answer: C) Angiotensin II
Explanation: Angiotensin II increases blood pressure and stimulates thirst to help restore fluid balance.
Question 128:
Which hormone helps in the development of the immune system in children?
A) Thyroxine
B) Insulin
C) Thymosin
D) Cortisol
Answer: C) Thymosin
Explanation: Thymosin is produced by the thymus gland and plays a critical role in the development of T-cells, which are essential for the immune response.
Question 129:
Which hormone decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure?
A) Ghrelin
B) Leptin
C) Insulin
D) Cortisol
Answer: B) Leptin
Explanation: Leptin, produced by adipose tissue, signals satiety to the brain, decreasing appetite and increasing energy expenditure.
Question 130:
What is the primary effect of insulin on fat cells?
A) Increases fat breakdown
B) Promotes fat storage
C) Decreases fat storage
D) Has no effect
Answer: B) Promotes fat storage
Explanation: Insulin promotes the storage of fat in adipose tissues by facilitating the uptake of glucose and fatty acids.
Question 131:
Which hormone is involved in regulating calcium levels in the blood?
A) Calcitonin
B) Insulin
C) Aldosterone
D) Cortisol
Answer: A) Calcitonin
Explanation: Calcitonin helps lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys.
Question 132:
What is the primary action of estrogen in the body?
A) Stimulates milk production
B) Regulates the menstrual cycle
C) Promotes fat storage
D) Increases blood pressure
Answer: B) Regulates the menstrual cycle
Explanation: Estrogen is crucial for regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting reproductive health in females.
Question 133:
Which hormone is released during labor to facilitate childbirth?
A) Oxytocin
B) Progesterone
C) Estrogen
D) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Answer: A) Oxytocin
Explanation: Oxytocin increases uterine contractions, facilitating childbirth and promoting milk ejection during breastfeeding.
Question 134:
Which hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells?
A) Erythropoietin
B) Insulin
C) Thyroid hormones
D) Cortisol
Answer: A) Erythropoietin
Explanation: Erythropoietin, produced by the kidneys, stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
Question 135:
What is the role of cortisol in the body?
A) Regulates sleep
B) Reduces inflammation
C) Stimulates growth
D) Promotes fat storage
Answer: B) Reduces inflammation
Explanation: Cortisol is an anti-inflammatory hormone that helps regulate the immune response and reduce inflammation.
Question 136:
Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to control the anterior pituitary gland?
A) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
B) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
C) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: The hypothalamus secretes several releasing hormones, including GHRH, CRH, and TRH, to regulate the anterior pituitary gland’s activity.
Question 137:
What effect does adrenaline have on the body?
A) Decreases heart rate
B) Increases blood flow to muscles
C) Promotes digestion
D) Increases insulin secretion
Answer: B) Increases blood flow to muscles
Explanation: Adrenaline (epinephrine) increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles, preparing the body for a quick response in stressful situations.
Question 138:
Which hormone regulates the body’s metabolism and energy levels?
A) Insulin
B) Thyroxine
C) Cortisol
D) Progesterone
Answer: B) Thyroxine
Explanation: Thyroxine (T4) is a thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism, influencing energy levels and growth.
Question 139:
Which hormone primarily influences the body’s response to stress?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Leptin
D) Estrogen
Answer: B) Cortisol
Explanation: Cortisol is the main hormone involved in the body’s response to stress, helping to mobilize energy and regulate various body functions.
Question 140:
Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Secretin
D) Somatostatin
Answer: C) Secretin
Explanation: Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes, aiding digestion in the small intestine.
Question 141:
What is the function of leptin in the body?
A) Stimulates hunger
B) Regulates energy balance
C) Increases fat storage
D) Decreases insulin sensitivity
Answer: B) Regulates energy balance
Explanation: Leptin helps regulate energy balance by suppressing appetite and increasing energy expenditure in response to fat storage.
Question 142:
Which hormone increases blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Thyroxine
D) Cortisol
Answer: B) Glucagon
Explanation: Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis, the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources in the liver.
Question 143:
Which hormone is involved in the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure?
A) Aldosterone
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Both A and B
D) Insulin
Answer: C) Both A and B
Explanation: Both aldosterone and ADH regulate blood volume and pressure; aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption, while ADH promotes water reabsorption.
Question 144:
What is the primary function of the hormone progesterone?
A) Stimulates milk production
B) Regulates the menstrual cycle and supports pregnancy
C) Increases fat metabolism
D) Promotes growth
Answer: B) Regulates the menstrual cycle and supports pregnancy
Explanation: Progesterone plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining the uterine lining during pregnancy.
Question 145:
Which hormone is released during exercise and increases blood flow to muscles?
A) Insulin
B) Adrenaline
C) Cortisol
D) Glucagon
Answer: B) Adrenaline
Explanation: Adrenaline is released during exercise, increasing heart rate and blood flow to active muscles for enhanced performance.
Question 146:
Which hormone decreases blood sugar levels?
A) Glucagon
B) Adrenaline
C) Insulin
D) Cortisol
Answer: C) Insulin
Explanation: Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells for energy or storage.
Question 147:
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the growth of bones and muscles?
A) Insulin
B) Growth hormone (GH)
C) Cortisol
D) Thyroxine
Answer: B) Growth hormone (GH)
Explanation: Growth hormone stimulates growth and development in bones and muscles by promoting protein synthesis and cell division.
Question 148:
What is the primary role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
A) Regulates blood sugar levels
B) Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys
C) Stimulates milk production
D) Increases metabolic rate
Answer: B) Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys
Explanation: ADH helps the body conserve water by promoting water reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing urine output.
Question 149:
Which hormone increases during fasting to promote the breakdown of stored energy?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Leptin
D) Cortisol
Answer: B) Glucagon
Explanation: Glucagon increases during fasting to promote the breakdown of glycogen and fat stores for energy.
Question 150:
Which hormone is released in response to high blood sugar levels?
A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Cortisol
D) Thyroxine
Answer: B) Insulin
Explanation: Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to high blood sugar levels, facilitating glucose uptake by cells and lowering blood sugar.
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